What is pigmentation?

Pigmentation refers to the colouring of the skin, caused by the presence of a pigment called melanin. Melanin is produced by specialised cells called melanocytes and is responsible for determining the skin's tone or colour. Pigmentation can vary widely among individuals and is influenced by genetic factors, sun exposure, hormones, and age. Changes in pigmentation can manifest as dark spots, freckles, birthmarks, or uneven skin tone. Disorders such as hyperpigmentation (excessive melanin production) or hypopigmentation (insufficient melanin production) can also affect the skin's appearance. Managing pigmentation involves various treatments such as topical creams, laser therapy, or chemical peels, depending on the specific condition and desired outcome.

What are sun spots?

Sun spots, also known as solar lentigines or liver spots, are flat, brown spots that develop on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. They are caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which stimulates the production of melanin in the skin's cells. Over time, this excess melanin leads to the formation of dark patches or spots. Sun spots are typically harmless but can be cosmetically bothersome. Prevention involves sun protection measures such as wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and avoiding prolonged sun exposure. Treatments for sun spots include topical bleaching agents, chemical peels, laser therapy, and cryotherapy, aimed at lightening or removing the spots and improving overall skin tone and texture.

What are freckles?

Freckles are small, flat spots on the skin that are usually tan, brown, or reddish in color. They are typically caused by an increased production of melanin in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Freckles are most commonly found on areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, arms, and shoulders. Unlike sun spots, which tend to darken with sun exposure and age, freckles often fade in the winter or with reduced sun exposure. While freckles are generally harmless, they can be more noticeable in individuals with fair skin and may sometimes be a cosmetic concern. Prevention involves sun protection measures such as wearing sunscreen and protective clothing, while treatments for freckles include topical bleaching agents, laser therapy, and chemical peels to lighten or remove them if desired.

What is melasma?

Melasma is a common skin condition characterised by brown or greyish patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. It is more prevalent in women and is often associated with hormonal changes, such as pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, or hormone replacement therapy. Sun exposure is another significant factor that can exacerbate melasma. The exact cause of melasma is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an overproduction of melanin by melanocytes in the skin. Melasma can be challenging to treat, but options include topical creams containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids, or corticosteroids, as well as procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, or laser therapy. Sun protection is crucial for managing melasma, as exposure to UV radiation can worsen pigmentation.